Definition Of The Ethical Problem - 1613 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Facts of the Case 2 1.2 Social Context 2-3 2.0 Definition of the Ethical Problem 3 3.0 Possible Solutions 4-5 3.1 Proposed Solution 1 3.2 Proposed Solution 2 3.3 Proposed Solution 3 4.0 Proposed Decision 5-6 4.1 Decision and Justification 4.2 Implementation and Potential Consequences 5.0 References 7 1.0. Introduction 1.1. Facts of the case Renovations, constructions and reconstructions are among the signs of progress and development in rapidly evolving societies. In a†¦show more content†¦The core of this report focuses on one of the typical tactics deployed—the underbidding of contracts to â€Å"outbid† other contractors, the ethical ramifications of utilizing this particular tactic and possible viable solutions to doing away with this practice. 1.2 Social Context The underbidding of contracts to â€Å"outbid† other competing contractors is an open secret amongst contractors—at least to the knowledge of the experienced and high ranking contracting firms. This practice usually stems from the detection of flaws in construction designs, drawings, outlines and cost estimates. Contractors wielding intelligence about the make-up of such poorly structured projects move to profit on these flaws by first underbidding on the contracts to be awarded it then decide to include additional costs to the project via change orders later on in the project. This practice may also be due to the socially regarded norm on cost-effectiveness. Outsourcing corporations and governments often tend to confuse cost-effectiveness for pragmatism and thus may usually be inclined to award contracts to the lowest bidding contractor. Contractors then move to exploit this chance by requesting change orders which in most cases may not be necessary thus bulking on th eir profits. This practice would arguably be much more rampant in government awarded contracts mainly due to bureaucracy and the lack of critical cost

Examining The Aviation Industry Engineering Essay Free Essays

Aviation Industry is critical and built-in portion of enormous system for supplying benefits to the populace. Aviation Industry provides many types of services. By these services Aviation Industry fulfils the demands that are most necessary for the universe ‘s economic system. We will write a custom essay sample on Examining The Aviation Industry Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this industry many people are working to convey the alterations in Aviation Industry. Aviation industry affects all facets of human life. Aviation Industry constitutes million occupations, the growing of legion metropoliss, big sum of money in gross, fabrication installations, concern and services throughout the universe. ( Aviation Industry ) Aviation Industry is responsible for planing, fabrication, usage or operation of aircraft. Aviation Industry makes capable of flight to any vehicle. These aircrafts may be lighter than air or heavier than air. Balloons and dirigibles are the aircraft that comes into â€Å" lighter than air † class and heavier than air trade includes choppers, sailplanes, aeroplanes and orthopters. ( Introduction ) Airport Stake Holders Airport is a topographic point where all types of aircrafts take off and land. Airport may hold storage country for aircrafts. Aircraft may be maintained at an airdrome. Fixed base operator services, air traffic control, inclines, hydroplane, etc these are the installation those are provided by big airdromes. Large airdromes besides provide passenger installations such as exigency services, sofas and eating houses. Airport stack holds different type of services. These stack holders are: Airport Management If you have the cognition about airdrome so you may see that airdromes are huge concerns. You can see these huge concerns by few illustrations such as big airdromes have hundred or thousand estates in the terminuss, many staffing installation and track made from immense sum of concrete. Commercial airdromes financed by municipal bonds hence airdromes are publically owned. Airports have an ownership of all their installations. By supplying these installations to air hoses, retail stores, services, air-freight Company so airport direction earns money. Airport direction charges for parking and services like fuel through revenue enhancements and fees on air hoses ticket. Airport direction wages to municipal section for covering the operating costs. Many times Airport requires the financess those come from the different beginnings. These beginnings are airport bonds and authorities costs. Once Airport become operational so many airdromes transform to self-sufficient concerns. Largely empl oyees who work under airdrome direction those employees work for the private companies. And staying staff straight work for the airdrome direction. These staff works in different Fieldss such as forces and safety crew, decision makers, air traffic accountants, terminal and ground -maintenance. These are the employees of federal authorities. Airport direction includes fiscal section, forces section, disposal and public dealingss. Regulations of scheduled flights are governed by FAA and must follow local and province authorities regulations. ( Airport Management ) Engineering Many Fieldss of Engineering provide legion engineerings by those engineerings airport direction can overhaul the airdrome system. These are some illustrations of technology those are used in Airport System: Runway Length Analysis Engineering provides many installations to Runway length analysis. By technology engineering aircraft takeoff weights are determined. This weight tells the needed track length. Similarly Engineering engineering helps in measuring of airdrome lift, runway incline, obstruction, tyre velocity, temperature, etc. Airport Safety and Operational Assessment Engineering engineerings are besides used in airdrome safety. Human organic structure scanner and metal sensor are the illustrations of engineerings. Engineering facets besides help in analysis of an airdrome for safety intent. Runway Analysis Runway analysis completed by utilizing different technology techniques. Airport direction can find the analyzed values of track that those are fiting to international criterions or non. Runway Analysis includes technology in following Fieldss: Research A ; ocular review. Testing of track raggedness and strength. Soil testing. Field information analysis. Information Technology Information engineering ever plays major function in every industry. Information engineering is ever an of import consideration for any industry or organisation. Airport besides needs information engineering because all operations of an airdrome depend on the immense sum of information. The web must be Quality of Service enabled so that it can reassign informations, voice, signalling information and picture. The web substructure must be good documented, utilizing keeping updated databases and drawings. Any Airport can pull off their database by utilizing web direction. Network direction is a critical map. It may be reactive or proactive. In Reactive web a user reports a error or mistake and so an expert technician is dispatched. In Proactive web the IT plus is supervised and the observation agent interferes without a client or user naming in the mistake. Operationss Airport operation can be categorized into two ways. Airside operation system and Landside operation system are two class of Airport operation. Each operation has different functionality. Now we will discourse in brief about these operations: Airside Airport Operations In Airside operation it handles aircraft, riders and luggage. These all operations are airdrome ‘s airside. Airline A ; Airside Operations Systems include all IT A ; S required to treat riders, luggage, and aircraft, chiefly through the airdrome ‘s airside. The followers is an Airside Operations Systems: Operational Database of Airport. Gate Management System. Ticket Counter Management System. Luggage Carousel Management System. Ocular Paging. Flight Information Display System. Gate Information Display System. Ramp Information Display System. Tug thrust Information System. Passenger Boarding and Check in. Baggage Managing System. Cargo Processing system. Passenger Loading Bridge System. Air Traffic Control System. Flight Tracking System. Noise Monitoring System. Weather Tracking System. Aircraft Refuelling System. Aircraft Servicing. Runway Lighting. Airport Landside Operations Airport Landside Operations include the land transit, parking control. The followers is a Landside Operations Systems: Parking System. Automated Vehicle Identification. Taxi Dispatch System. Surface Vehicle Monitoring System. Fuel Management. Lightning Detection System. ( Information Technology ) Air Traffic Control Air Traffic Control governs by FAA ( Stands for Federal Aviation Administration ) . This engineering provides efficiency and safety to Airspace system. FAA gives low runing cost to Air Traffic Control. There are two most of import engineerings that are really utile for ATC: Advanced Computers: When computing machine embedded with advanced and new engineering so decidedly Air traffic control system will better. This computing machine system ever have oculus on struggle free, fuel efficient and expeditious flight waies. Sequence for put ining computing machine in ATC Centres are foremost installed in Route ATC Centre, so in terminuss, and at last in a cardinal flow control. Computers are besides provided mechanization for safety and capacity that reduces the human attempts. Bipartisan digital informations nexus among aircraft and the land: It allows interchanging of information and instructions quickly. Example of this system is transmittal clearances and information of conditions. FAA besides provides this installation. ( Air Traffic Control ) Immigration Immigration procedure means long waiting line for many. Immigration procedure is done if the in-migration officer happen some leery. Immigration officer is attend for placing people who is leery, they identifies them by their organic structure linguistic communication. If they find anyone leery so they check passport and other cogent evidence to confirmation. In many states developing is given to single.If you are migrating in any state so do n’t bury to look into in-migration regulations of peculiar state. You can be leery by your activity like if you are standing entirely out of crowd so you can be noticed by in-migration officer. If you have many tattoos on your organic structures so you besides figure out. So if you get caught by in-migration officers so certain inquiries may be asked to you- What was your intent to be here? How long you will be here? This sort of inquiries by and large asked in developed state or first they check the passport and visa and farther proceed. It might be possible they go for farther inside informations if they are non satisfied. ( Immigration ) Custom on airdrome Different -different state have different usage regulations. There are some general regulations of imposts you need to follow: – It is prohibited to transport narcotics and intoxicant in each state. Weapons etc. is besides prohibited. ( usa-customs-regulations-at-usa-airports ) Land animal trainers Land animal trainers are staff or you can state employee who load and unload. Ground animal trainer besides loads and unloads fear. It is besides responsibility of land animal trainers that client board safely from stairway. Land animal trainers besides fuel up the planes. They besides wash the planes besides helps in get oning stuffs from lading. They besides keep safety while droping of metric dozenss. They play an of import function on airdrome and for that personal preparation is besides provided. ( duties-ground-handling.html ) Compare between two air power organic structures and security ( ECAC, ICAO ) : During the past few old ages the Air riders are increased a batch in Numberss. The ordinance of this work in all facet is by a safety bureau of UNO named The International civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) . All states are joined to ICAO to keep its criterion and recommended practises. This is besides taken attention of all ordinances of air powers with safety deductions. An another organisation The International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) is responsible for fining trade to clients, So Aviation is the mass conveyance for which international accepted criterion have been followed. ( Two Aviation Bodies ) Main responsibilities of ECAC is review, following are the five countries in which reviews to be focused. Specific province of operator. Specific aircraft type. Nature of operations. Foreign operator. Specific aircraft designation by its single enrollment grade. In the last few old ages the per centum of reviews on aircraft ECAC operators has steadily increased. Concluding consequence is increased volume if ECAC traffic. However notice ordinances the population of these CIS built aircraft is bit by bit diminishing. ICAO requires aircraft to be equipped with a land propinquity build uping system. ( Inspections Area ) Menaces New menaces are for air power industry are aerosols, liquid explosives and gels. We are discoursing chief menaces: Hi-hack: this is one of the major togss that affect air power industry. Many terrorist state ‘s people want to destruct subject system of any state. Solution of this job is security must be to the full effectual. Public must hold to believe on the air power industry. Government must place that terrorist because it the inquiry of state security. Sabotage: Some unwanted elements of terrorist state want sabotage air power or airdrome system. For forestalling this thread major security is required. Fraud: It is besides a yarn. Many people are there who wants to fraud to airport system. Any major credence may be harmful for air power industry. During reaching and going rider should be cognizant from fraud individuals. These fraud people can alter their baggage. ( Threats ) Failings A safe and unafraid polite air power system is a major undertaking or constituent for the state ‘s overall security, economic foundation, and physical substructure. Everyone knows that there are many serious failings lies in the air power security system. Impacts of these failings are so harmful and destructive in nature. There are few securities discuss about: Airport entree controls Passenger and luggage showing ( Failings ) How to cite Examining The Aviation Industry Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Worldwide Paper Company free essay sample

Thus, we were able to analyze protocols of the Internet protocol suite in VANET scenarios with highly accurate mobility models. Varying parameters of DYMO for a multitude of traf? c and communication scenarios helped point out approaches for improving the overall performance and revealed problems with the deployment. It could be shown that in realistic scenarios, even for medium densities of active nodes and low network load, overload behavior leads to a drastic decrease of the perceived network quality. Cross-layer optimization of transport and routing protocols therefore seems highly advisable. I. I NTRODUCTION Recent research in the area of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) was primarily focused on the development and the evaluation of highly specialized protocols, e. g. for the exchange of position information or hazard warnings between cars [1]. Signi? cantly less work dealt with evaluating the use of existing Internet protocols, along with standard hard- and software, to create and maintain VANETs and couple these networks with the Internet. The Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) working group of  the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops standards for routing in dynamic networks of both mobile and static nodes. One protocol currently in the working group’s focus is Dynamic MANET On Demand (DYMO) [2]. It was conceived as successor to the popular Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol [3], [4]. Its use in the context of VANETs has already been extensively investigated [5]. The DYMO protocol draft expressly provides for the coupling of a MANET with the Internet, which makes an evaluation of communication connections between mobile nodes and static infrastructure especially attractive. A car taking part in a MANET scenario could already establish such connections in reach of one of an ever growing number of public hotspots while driving in the city, and a deployment of access points along highways in the near future seems feasible. Apparently, this coupling of MANET and Internet is especially attractive for road users if it allows the utilization of virtually all existing resources of the Internet without relying on expensive dedicated channels provided by a cellular network. A A D D D A A,B A,B,C D,C,B Fig. 1. A D,C D Routing information dissemination in AODV and DYMO In this work, the feasibility, the performance, and the limits of ad hoc communication using DYMO were evaluated and potentials for optimizing the deployed transport and routing protocols were investigated. Special care was taken to provide realistic scenarios of both road traf? c and network usage. This was accomplished by simulating a variety of such scenarios with the help of two coupled simulation tools [6]. A microsimulation environment for road traf? c supplied vehicle movement information, which was then fed into an event-driven network simulation that con? gured and managed a MANET model based on this mobility data. The protocols of the transport, network, data link, and physical layers were provided by welltested implementations for the network simulation tool, while MANET routing was performed by our own implementation of DYMO. II. DYNAMIC MANET O N D EMAND (DYMO) DYMO [2] is a new reactive (on demand) routing protocol, which is currently developed in the scope of the IETF’s MANET working group. DYMO builds upon experience with previous approaches to reactive routing, especially with the routing protocol AODV. It aims at a somewhat simpler design, helping to reduce the system requirements of participating  nodes, and simplifying the protocol implementation. DYMO retains proven mechanisms of previously explored routing protocols like the use of sequence numbers to enforce loop freedom. At the same time, DYMO provides enhanced features, such as covering possible MANET–Internet gateway scenarios and implementing path accumulation as depicted in Figure 1. Besides route information about a requested target, a node will also receive information about all intermediate nodes of a newly discovered path. Therein lies a major difference between DYMO and AODV, the latter of which only generates route table entries for the destination node and the next hop, For the selection of a suitable traf? c simulation tool, two aspects had to be weighed against each other. Clearly, the underlying traf? c model was to be as simple and comprehensible as possible, so that reproducible results could be obtained. On the other hand, the simulation model needed to be complex enough to produce realistic patterns, which—as has been shown in related work—greatly in? uence the quality of results obtained from overlaid network simulations [9]. Microsimulation of road traf? c was performed by an adaptation of Traf? cApplet 1 , an open source traf? The remaining 80 % of vehicles were of type Car and traveled at speeds of up to 33. 0 m/s (approx. 120 km/h, 75 mph). All simulations were performed at a density of 4. 2 vehicles per kilometer and lane, representing nightly traf? c, as well as at a density of 28. 0 vehicles per kilometer and lane, which modeled rush-hour traf? c [14], [15]. Sample speed traces recorded in both scenarios are shown in Figure 2. Obviously, using a smaller number of simulated vehicles allowed the cars to move nearly unimpaired by trucks or other cars and to travel at or near top speed. The scenario thus maximized speed differences between nodes, so links  between cars of different lanes, between cars and trucks, as well as between vehicles and roadside infrastructure were 1 http://www. vwi. tu-dresden. de/? treiber/MicroApplet 35 30 20 15 5 10 Speed (m/s) 25 4. 2 vehicles/km/lane 28 vehicles/km/lane 0 while DYMO stores routes for each intermediate hop. This is illustrated in Figure 1. When using AODV, node A knows only the routes to nodes B and D after its route request is satis? ed. In DYMO, the node additionally learned a route to node C. To ef? ciently deal with highly dynamic scenarios, links on known routes may be actively monitored, e. g.  by using the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol [7] or by examining feedback obtained from the data link layer. Detected link failures are made known to the MANET by sending a route error message (RERR) to all nodes in range, informing them of all routes that now became unavailable. Should this RERR in turn invalidate any routes known to these nodes, they will again inform all their neighbors by multicasting a RERR containing the routes concerned, thus effectively ? ooding information about a link breakage through the MANET. DYMO was also designed with possible future enhancements in mind. It uses a generic MANET packet and message format [8] and offers ways of dealing with unsupported elements in a sensible way. 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Time (s) Fig. 2. Speed samples of simulated cars at different traf? c densities highly unstable. A larger number of simulated vehicles forced cars and trucks into a stop-and-go motion, reducing the cars’ top speed to that of trucks. This stabilized links between vehicles and reduced speed differences between vehicles and roadside infrastructure, but caused large oscillations of local node densities. The Internet. Internet connectivity is modeled by a node of type CSTMGateway that is also running DYMO. It sends back delayed response messages to requests via TCP or UDP, i. e. it simulates the application servers that are used by the clients (the Cars). For all communications, the complete network stack, including ARP, was used and wireless modules were con? gured to closely resemble IEEE 802. 11b network cards transmitting at 11 Mbit/s with RTS/CTS disabled. The TCP protocol implementation follows the TCP Reno speci? cation. Thus, results can be readily compared with existing Linux implementations  of DYMO, e. g. NIST DYMO or DYMOUM. For the simulation of radio wave propagation, a plain free-space model was employed and the transmission ranges of all nodes adjusted to a ? xed value of 180 m, a trade-off between varying realworld measurements described in related work [17], [18]. All simulation parameters used to parameterize the modules of the INET Framework are summarized in Table I. In order to ensure realistic application layer traf? c, the following three different communication scenarios were modeled: 1) Vehicles polled traf? c information from an Internet host. At 5 minute intervals, starting at a random point in time no more than 5 minutes from the start of a simulation, a vehicle tried to send a 256 Byte UDP packet to the gateway, which, upon reception of the packet, answered with a 1024 Byte response packet. 2) Mobile nodes checked a POP3 mailbox (using TCP) for new messages, con? gured with a maximum segment size of 1024 Byte and an advertised window size of 14 336 Byte, to send eight 16 Byte commands, each triggering a 32 Byte response.

Principles of economics

Introduction This essay seeks to present an insight into an emerging economic event in china. China is among the top performing economies in the Asia. Its economic growth has been remarkable over the last years. Local economists predict an increase in the domestic growth. However, this might not be the case because there are some signs of economic stagnation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a period when the levels of domestic production are either declining or constant. The major causes of weak domestic production are insufficient skills, insufficient raw materials and/ or low demand for consumer products. This essay therefore, humbly, concisely and clearly reflects the key points contained in the economic article by Bradsher (2013). The essay also contains an application of major economic concepts of supply and demand, market structures, elasticit y and cost of production into the real perspective of China’s economic trend as depicted in the article. Below are weightier issues. Key points According to Bradsher (2013), top Chinese economists have noticed an indicator of a decrease in the Chinese exports. Exports are the goods and services that china ships out of the country to meet the demand of an external market, say Australia. Another key point in the article is the fact that china’s economic growth is sluggish. Economic growth of a country (including China) is measured by various criteria. Total domestic production forms a foundation for an economic growth. Domestic production derives its stimulation from the level of local and international demand for goods and services. Concisely, the only reason for china’s economic growth is the availability of lending services from policy-regulated financial institution and overnight package. Increase in lending has boosted the levels of production whereas low dem and for the goods and services both in the local and international market, suppresses the growth. Another key factor on its own is the increased lending in China. The Chinese government has increased lending opportunities to businesses. The rationale for the move is to stimulate production and thus economic growth. The last key point is about consumer spending. Noticeably, the levels of consumer spending have been rising in the country. Consumer spending levels can be measured by household-purchase quantity levels and/or quality. The more the quantity of goods and services purchased by consumers, the higher the spending levels. The argument is true when quality is considered. The higher the quality of goods and products purchased by consumers, the higher the spending levels (Buchanan, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic concepts in application Supply and demand- demand is the ability and willingness of a consumer to spend a specific amount of money on a commodity at a particular time. Demand of a certain good or product is influenced by taste and preference, levels of customers’ income, availability of alternatives and price of the goods and services. Decreased levels of demand for Chinese products in the international market are the chief cause of weak levels of export experienced by the country. In simple terms, the ability and willingness by international consumers to buy goods and services from China has decreased. The reasons for the decrease are the same factors that influence demand. For instance, the international market could have identified a cheaper source of goods that the Chinese producers provide. In that case, they would channel more of their resources to purchase from a cheaper supplier as opposed to China (Buchanan, 1999). The willingness of Chinese nationals to consume local goods is the reason for increased consume r spending in China. That is, consumers only spend on what they want and need. Demand, on the other hand is induced by consumers’ needs and want. The more the needs and want (demand), the higher the levels of spending and aggregately, this leads to increase in consumer spending (Adil, 2006). Supply on the other hand is the ability and willingness of a seller to sell his products at a specific price at a particular time holding things constant. The levels of supply are influenced by prevailing commodity prices, prices of alternative commodities and prices of factors of production. The Chinese state controlled bank has increased the levels of lending. In other words, the supply of funds has increased. Therefore, borrowers obtain funds at a lower cost since the supply levels are higher than the demand (Buchanan, 1999).  Cost of production- it is the price of the resources used to provide consumer goods and services. The factors of production (labor, land, capital and enterpris e) have different prices due to their nature. Cost of production can be offset by high profit levels due to high sales levels. During the period of low demand, sales levels are low and businesses make losses. Losses discourage production levels and thus less economic growth. China’s sluggish economic growth is partly because of unequaled cost of production (Adil, 2006). Conclusion To conclude, Bradsher (2013) is to the point going by the content of its article. Exports stimulate domestic production. It is also a source of foreign income to a country. If the levels of a country’s export decrease because of less demand for foreign goods by international markets, a chief production stimulus would be lost. Less domestic production would therefore impede economic growth rate, thus sluggish china’s economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn M ore References Adil, J. R. (2006). Supply and demand. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press. Bradsher K. ( 2013, August 8). China’s Economy unexpectedly stumbles again on weak export results. The New York Times. Web. Buchanan, J. M. (1999). The demand and supply of public goods. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. This essay on Principles of economics was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Execute and Run Applications and Files From Delphi Code

Execute and Run Applications and Files From Delphi Code The Delphi programming language provides a quick way to write, compile, package, and deploy applications cross-platform. Although Delphi creates a graphical user interface, there are bound to be times you want to execute a program from your Delphi code. Lets say you have a database application that uses an external backup utility. The backup utility takes parameters from the  application and archives the data, while your program waits until the backup finishes. Maybe you want to open documents presented in a file list box  just by double-clicking on them  without opening the associated program first. Imagine a link label in your program that takes the user to your home page. What do you say about sending an email directly from your Delphi application through the default Windows email client program? ShellExecute To launch an application or execute a file in a Win32 environment, use the ShellExecute Windows API function. Check out the help on ShellExecute for a  full description of parameters and error codes returned. You can open any document without knowing which program is associated with it- the link is defined in the Windows Registry. Here are some shell examples.   Run Notepad uses ShellApi;...ShellExecute(Handle, open,c:\Windows\notepad.exe, nil, nil, SW_SHOWNORMAL) ; Open SomeText.txt With Notepad ShellExecute(Handle,open,c:\windows\notepad.exe,c:\SomeText.txt, nil, SW_SHOWNORMAL) ; Display the Contents of the "DelphiDownload" Folder ShellExecute(Handle,open, c:\DelphiDownload, nil, nil, SW_SHOWNORMAL) ; Execute a File According to Its Extension ShellExecute(Handle, open, c:\MyDocuments\Letter.doc,nil,nil,SW_SHOWNORMAL) ; Heres how to find an application associated with an extension. Open a Website or a *.htm File With the Default Web Explorer ShellExecute(Handle, open,http://delphi.about.com,nil,nil, SW_SHOWNORMAL) ; Send an Email With the Subject and the Message Body var em_subject, em_body, em_mail : string;begin em_subject : This is the subject line; em_body : Message body text goes here; em_mail : mailto:delphiaboutguide.com?subject em_subject body em_body ; ShellExecute(Handle,open, PChar(em_mail), nil, nil, SW_SHOWNORMAL) ;end; Heres how to send an email with the attachment. Execute a Program and Wait Until It Finishes The following example uses the ShellExecuteEx API function. // Execute the Windows Calculator and pop up// a message when the Calc is terminated.uses ShellApi;...var SEInfo: TShellExecuteInfo; ExitCode: DWORD; ExecuteFile, ParamString, StartInString: string;begin ExecuteFile:c:\Windows\Calc.exe; FillChar(SEInfo, SizeOf(SEInfo), 0) ; SEInfo.cbSize : SizeOf(TShellExecuteInfo) ; with SEInfo do begin fMask : SEE_MASK_NOCLOSEPROCESS; Wnd : Application.Handle; lpFile : PChar(ExecuteFile) ;{ParamString can contain theapplication parameters.}// lpParameters : PChar(ParamString) ;{StartInString specifies thename of the working directory.If ommited, the current directory is used.}// lpDirectory : PChar(StartInString) ; nShow : SW_SHOWNORMAL; end; if ShellExecuteEx(SEInfo) then begin repeat Application.ProcessMessages; GetExitCodeProcess(SEInfo.hProcess, ExitCode) ; until (ExitCode STILL_ACTIVE) or Application.Terminated; ShowMessage(Calculator terminated) ; end else ShowMessage(Error starting Calc!) ;end;

Aspects Of British Colonialism In Uganda And Kenya History Essay

Aspects Of British Colonialism In Uganda And Kenya History Essay Uganda and Kenya as British protectorates were founded in 1894. Colonization of Africa employed a number of methods. The main ones were the use of the gun the Bible or religion. Buganda was colonized by the gun, Bible and koran. The Bible and koran teachings became effective ways of establishing a fanatical following which eventually played a crucial role in the political landscape of buganda. By 1867 islam was established in buganda and Mutesa I was already observing the ramadhan and learning to read the koran. Mutesa I pages at his courts fully converted though Mutesa I never converted fully to islam. The Christian Missionary Society (CMS) arrived in buganda in June 1877. After two years the roman catholic white fathers arrived in buganda. The arrival of these two groups not only ignited a rivalry between them but confused the buganda (EnterUganda). Just as Uganda, Kenya had its share of missionary activity which sprang up from the coastal part of the region. Missionaries first la nded at the coastal town which had been previously explored and dominated by the arab traders who came in with the koran. However the factional fights that were characteristic of the buganda were not with Kenya mainly because of the ethnic set up diversity that existed in Kenya. Later on the establishment of colonial boundaries would greatly affect these more than 40 different communities who were now brought together into one territory. In the case of the buganda and on a broader scale there was rivalry between the French who were catholic inclined and the English who were protestant inclined. In this rivalry was also a scramble for products and cheap raw materials source. On the other hand the earliest foreign expeditions in Kenya were mainly missionary expeditions and were mainly to open up the inland for the sake of the gospel. The scramble for raw materials would however come later as a secondary factor. The coming of the missionaries caused religion to spread rapidly throughou t the entire east African region. For Kenya the spread advanced from the coastal region into the interior, whereas for Uganda the kabaka hosted the missionaries whose activities fanned out from the palace into the entire region. The Imperial British East Africa chose to move in and establish British sphere influence. Sending FJ Jackson who spearheaded this mission. Jackson sought to sign a treaty with Mwanga who was enjoying catholic backing after Karl Peters a German favoured by the catholics arrived in buganda. The Germany influence and interest over buganda was curtailed by the signing of the Heligoland treaty of July 1890. In this treaty buganda was officially recognized as a British sphere of influence in return for Heligoland island in the north sea to the Germans (EnterUganda) In Kenya it all began at the 1884 to 1885 Berlin Conference which was the basis on which was set the rules of colonial occupation. Combining with the 1886 Anglo-German Agreement and other inter- Europea n territorial arrangements, the Berlin conference was instrumental in not only erecting artificial boundaries around Kenya but also in removing diplomatic initiative from Kenyan people. This was just a precursor of the demarcation of the Kenyan territory that would follow in the year 1894. Imperial British East Africa now had a firm grip on the two east African states Kenya and Uganda. However in order to further protect their interests in Uganda the Imperial British East Africa later send Captain Fredrick Lugard to counter the threat posed by Emin Kasha in Sudan who was planning to annex buganda and bunyoro to Turkey. Charles Stoke a missionary turned arms dealer who was also plotting to arm Kabalega needed to be dealt with because kabalega being unfriendly to the British would be a risk if he was armed.. Captain Lugard successfully forestalled their plans. However the coming of Captain Lugard was viewed by Mwanga and the catholic backed regime as a triumph for the protestant. Luga rd signed a treaty with Mwanga and fought alongside him to defeat the muslim invasion. Captain Lugard also entered an agreement with Ntare V to stop arms from reaching Kabalega.

Emphysema lung disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emphysema lung disease - Essay Example Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke decreased elasticity of the lungs and destroys the alveoli. Another cause of emphysema is deficiency of alpha-1-antitrypsin, a substance that fights a destructive enzyme in the lungs called trypsin. An alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient person cannot fight the destructive effects of trypsin and the lung is slowly destroyed. Though the role of genetics in the development of emphysema is unclear, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency may be inherited. Other causes of emphysema are air pollution, abnormal airway reactivity, sex and old age. Air pollution has similar effect on the lungs like cigarette smoke. The pollutants will inflame the airways and destroy the lung tissues. Abnormal airway reactivity, such as bronchial asthma, can lead to emphysema. The differences between male and female hormones are suspected to make more men develop emphysema than women. It is also found that lung function normally declines with age, that lung tissues are destroyed as one gets old and this condition will lead to emphysema. The most common symptom of emphysema is shortness of breath. Due to the collapse of the chest wall, a person with emphysema has to struggle to exhale completely because his airways are close when exhaling. In the advance case of emphysema, a person may engage in "purse-lipped breathing" wherein the person purse his lips, leaving only a small opening. When exhaling, the lips block the flow of air and increase pressure in the collapsed airways. Since air is trapped behind obstructed airways, a person with emphysema may develop a "barrel chest" where the distance from the chest to the back becomes more pronounced. Other symptoms are cough and wheezing and decrease in tolerance for exercise.When experiencing shortness of breath, decrease in the ability to exercise or perform daily activities, a persistent cough or wheezing, consult your doctor since these may be indicative of other diseases such as heart problem and other lung diseases. The doctor can also help in formulating a plan to quit smoking. Watch out if the lips, tongue, fingernails, or skin turn blue since these indicate cyanosis or severe worsening of your lung condition. If these symptoms are seen, rush to the hospital's emergency department. If the doctor suspects emphysema in a patient, he will recommend physical examination, with particular focus on breathing sounds, heart sounds, and general physical appearance. A number of tests may be ordered or performed such as chest x-ray, lung function tests, bloods tests. These tests will gauge the extent of the disease, the remaining lung function, and the presence of lung infections. Looking at the chest x-ray results, the doctor can identify changes in the lungs that may indicate emphysema, detect presence of an infection or a mass in the lung (such as a tumor). The lung function tests will give specific information on how the lungs are working mechanically. In the lung function test, the patient is made to breathe into a tube that is connected to a computer or some other monitoring device. The lung function tests measure how much air the lungs can hold, how quickly the lungs can expel air during expiration, and how much reserve capacity the lungs have for increased demand such as during exercise. The blood tests will check white blood cell count, which in turn indicates an acute

Monopolies - Gas and Electric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monopolies - Gas and Electric - Essay Example Government’s intervention leading to monopolization of the gas and electric sectors of the given country will have positive and negative implication to the general economy. Government’s intervention in such businesses will ensure that consumers receive better services from the traders of the particular product (Tucker, 2011). Government will also help consumers exercise maximum sovereignty without any form of manipulation by the individual traders. In addition, government’s intervention in monopoly of gas and electricity will help in ensuring that consumers get quality products and that traders comply with the safety standards. According to Rittenberg, et al (2008), the negative experience that will occur when government intervenes, forming monopolies in gas and electricity sectors will include high cost of production as the producer will be unable to pass the costs to consumers. When costs of production rises, producers will strive to limit the use of raw materials and this may compromise innovation. Furthermore, government’s intervention in monopoly of gas and electricity may lead to skyrocketing of prices of the products due to the raised standards of services, which will have adverse effects to the lower economic class (Rittenberg, 2008). Moreover, government’s intervention in monopoly trade of gas and electricity will also derail research process and spirit that a company may have to develop other ways of producing the particular

Cultures and Practices Not Allowed in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

Cultures and Practices Not Allowed in the Philippines Essay Euthanasia Euthanasia is the legal term for a medically assisted mercy killing; however in most countries, euthanasia is illegal. The first form of euthanasia is the voluntary decision of a patient. This is when a patient asks a doctor to terminate the patient’s life if and when the patient suffers too much, the patient has no hope of recovery, the patient has no hope for a decent quality of life, or the patient wishes to relieve the financial or psychological burden on the patient’s family. The other form of euthanasia is an involuntary decision by friends or family of the patient to end the patients life. This is sometimes referred to as euthanasia without consent from the patient. Euthanasia is unethical. It is immoral. Even though a death of a person is given consent by himself, it is still murder, assisted suicide, or mercy killing, which is against the will of God. Abortion Abortion, though allowed in some other countries, is illegal in the Philippines. Under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, any person who shall intentionally cause an abortion shall suffer reclusion temporal, prision mayor, or prision correccional. The only time abortion is legal is when the pregnancy of the expectant mother is beyond saving like in the case of fetal death, fetal deformity caused sickness while in womb, pregnancy post high risk to mothers life. In all other circumstances, there is no exception. Abortion is more illegal in the eyes of God, because it is a mortal sin. Divorce Divorce, under the Family Code, is not allowed in the Philippines. Christianity is the largest religion in the Philippines, being that the Christian religion is strongly against divorce. The reason is the influence of Christianity in the Philippine culture. Under its teachings, only death can separate what God has put together. So even if under the eyes of the law, the marital bonds have been validly severed, the Catholic Church will still not honor said decree. Couple this with the fact that there is a stigma attached to broken marriages. Said stigma often develops feelings of insecurities and in some cases, rebellion on the part of the concerned parties. Polygamy Polygamy is the status or institution of simultaneous marriage of more than one woman to one man, or of several women to several men. The two forms are polygyny and polyandry. In ordinary use, the term is restricted to polygyny, where one man is simultaneously married to more than one woman. Catholic tradition has consistently interpreted Christs teaching as absolutely forbidding polygamy, and the prohibition was defined by the Council of Trent, pronouncing that it is unlawful for Christians to have several wives at the same time, and that it is forbidden the divine law. Marriage is a covenant between two people. In the Philippines, polygamy is not allowed because of the Christian influence in the Philippine culture. The only exception is when you are a Muslim living in the Philippines. Same sex Marriage Same sex Marriage is not allowed in the Philippines. Two people of the same gender having a relationship is somehow socially accepted nowadays. But when they are to be married, it is unethical. Even though there are some instances that these marriages occur, the couple could not include seeking legal protection and benefits that flow from marriage. Marriage is defined as a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life.

Pathology Arises Out Fo The Ex Essay -- essays research papers

Concepts of pathology, as treated by the traditions of clinical psychology and psychiatry, define what is ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ in human behaviour. Various psychological paradigms exist today, each emphasising diverse ways of defining and treating psyopathology. Most commonly utilised is the medical model which is limited in many respects, criticised for reducing patients problems to a list of pathological symptoms that have a primarily biological base and which are to be treated behaviourally or pharmacologically (Schwartz & Wiggins 1999). Such reductionistic positivist ways of viewing the individual maintain the medical discourse of ‘borderline personality’, schizoid’, ‘paranoid’ or ‘clinically depressed’, often failing to address the wider socio- ltural environment of the individual. Pilgrim (1992) suggests that such diagnostic pidgeon-holing does not enhance humanity, nor aid those who are dealing with the distressed individual to find meaning. It also neglects to consider life beyond the physical, failing to address the more philosophical questions that abound from our very existence. Existential psychiatry and psychology arose in Europe in the 1940’s and 1950’s as a direct response to the dissatisfaction with prevailing efforts to gain scientific understanding in psychiatry (Binswanger 1963). Existentialism is the title of a set of philosophical ideas that emphasise the existence of the human being, the lack of meaning and purpose in life and the solitude of human existence. Existentialism stresses the jeopardy of life, the voidness of human reality and admits that the human being thrown into the world, a world in which pain, frustration, sickness, contempt, malaise and death dominates (Barnes 1962). How one positions oneself in that world becomes the focus for existential notions of pathology, a responsibility that is present for every human being, not one confined to the ‘mentally ill’. In this sense the human being is ‘response-able’ to the existential predicament that is life and the necessary struggles that arise through negotiating these conditions in every lived moment. In this essay I will give a brief outline of the history of existential thinkers, then discuss how t... ...  Lowrie). Princeton: Princton University Press Laing, R. D. (1960). The Divided Self. Harmondsworth: Penguin Lewis, C. S. (1943). The Abolition of Man. Oxford: Oxford University Press May, R. (1969). Love and Will. New York: Norton. May, R. & Yalom, I. (1984). Existential Psychotherapy. In Corsini, R. J. (ed.), Current  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychotherapies. Itasca Illinois: Peacock Owen, I. R. (1994). Introducing an existential-phenomenological approach: basic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  phenomenological theory and research- Part 1. Counselling Psychology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quarterly, 7, (3) 261-273 Pilgrim, D. (1992). Psychotherapy and Political Evasions. In Dryden, W. & Feltham,C. (Eds.) Psychotherapy and It’s Discontents. Buckingham: Open University Press Satre, J. P. (1951). Being and Nothingness. (Trans. H. Barnes) Methuen: London Schwartz, M. A. & Wiggins, O. P. (1999). The Crisis of Present-Day Psychiatry:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Regaining the Personal. Psychiatric Times, 16, 9. Yalom, I. (1989). Love’s Executioner: And Other Tales of Psychotherapy. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harper Collins

Introduction to Philosophy Essay

Abstract â€Å"It is very tempting for people not to think, to remain submerged in reality rather than aware of it, to be carried along by the current of events rather than creating their destiny through thoughtful, independent choices† (Chaffee, 2013). In this paper, the importance of philosophy is discussed in practical terms. Why is it important? What purpose does it serve and what reasons do people have for pursuing an education in it? How can this affect my life? The major branches of philosophy, which are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Political & Social, Aesthetics and  Logic, are also discussed along with the contributing questions specific to each branch and what each branch focuses on. Philosophical Areas 3 Philosophical Areas of Inquiry, Personal Relations and Application As stated by Cicero (n. d. ), â€Å"Rightly defined, philosophy is simply the love of wisdom. † â€Å"The actual word philosophy is Greek in origin, and it is the composite of two Greek roots: philein, a Greek word for ‘love,’ and sophia, the Greek word for ‘wisdom. ’ Taken together, they mean ‘the love or pursuit of wisdom’† (Chaffee, 2013). There are so many reasons one would  want to study philosophy, and considering that we are all different, our reasons vary. â€Å"Philosophy means liberation from the two dimensions of routine, soaring above the well known, seeing it in new perspectives, arousing wonder and the wish to fly† (Walter Kaufmann, n. d. ). Studying philosophy is a life-changing experience. It is impossible to â€Å"unlearn† something once you have discovered it, so upon your mind being awakened, it cannot go back to sleep. This grants you the gift of having a new, more complete perspective of the world around you and of life in general. People are naturally inquisitive creatures. This is one of our biggest assets, as well as our biggest downfalls. Philosophy teaches you to think critically about important issues. This is something that takes time, effort and practice. Thinking critically isn’t necessarily easy, but the benefits are plentiful. The purpose of philosophy is to ask questions that â€Å"penetrate the surface of life to confront the deeper currents lying beneath† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 4). Due to there being so many different categories of philosophical questions to be answered and studied, there are several  branches of philosophy with questions specific to them and certain methodologies used in search of answers. These branches are Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Political & Social, Aesthetics and Logic. Metaphysics Metaphysics is â€Å"the study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Bertrand Russell defines metaphysical philosophy as such, â€Å"Metaphysics, or the Philosophical Areas 4 attempt to conceive the world as a whole by means of thought, has been developed from the first by the union and conflict of two very different impulses, the one urging men towards mysticism,  the other urging them toward science. † Some of the major questions asked in this area of inquiry are, â€Å"What is the nature of reality? †, â€Å"What is the nature of self? †, â€Å"How are the mind and body related to each other? †, â€Å"Do we have personal freedom or are our choices limited? †, â€Å"What are the arguments for and against the existence of God? †, â€Å"Is there life after death? † and â€Å"Does life have meaning? † The methodology used in Metaphysics has expanded so much over the years since Aristotle. One method used for answering questions such as these â€Å"emphasizes the continuity of metaphysics with science. On this conception, metaphysics is primarily or exclusively concerned with developing generalizations from our best-confirmed scientific theories† (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†, 2014). Because of the difficulty answering some of these questions, some believe Metaphysics to be â€Å"impossible. † There is no current way to label a metaphysical statement either true or false, and therefore â€Å"impossible to find out what they are† (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†, 2014). Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/metaphysics/ Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge. This identifies and develops criteria, as well as methodologies, for what we know and why we know it (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Some questions asked regarded epistemology are, â€Å"What is truth? †, â€Å"Can we ever really know anything? †, â€Å"What Philosophical Areas 5 are the sources of knowledge? †, â€Å"What is the relation between truth and knowledge? † and â€Å"How can you increase your wisdom? † This, â€Å"Defined narrowly†¦is the study of knowledge and justified belief,† according to the â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2014) or SEP. Now, this being said, there are sources of knowledge and justification in epistemology. These sources include perception, introspection, memory, reason and testimony. The limits to this branch of philosophy are skepticism, closure, relevant alternatives, denial, and moorean, contextualist & ambiguity responses (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†, 2014). Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4thed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/metaphysics/ Ethics Ethics is the study of moral values and principles. Questions regarding ethics are things such as, â€Å"How should we treat other people? †, â€Å"Is there a ‘good life’ for humans? †, â€Å"What is the relation between moral values and religion? † and â€Å"How do we decide on the moral rightness of social issues? † (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). Everyday ethical concerns in life can include any topic  from capital punishment, euthanasia, lying, human rights, abortion, animal testing, cloning, slavery and pornography, among several others. The purpose of having and studying ethics is a way for people to ensure that the decisions made are following a preset ethical code or guideline. â€Å"Creating yourself to be a wise and knowledgeable person entails developing an enlightened moral compass that will guide your decisions. People typically rely on what they ‘feel’ is right Philosophical Areas 6 when faced with challenging moral dilemmas. The but we ‘feel’ is an unreliable moral guide†(Chaffee, 2013, p. 35). Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Political & Social Political and social philosophy is â€Å"the study of social values and political forms of government† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). â€Å"What is the nature of justice? † and â€Å"What is the most enlightened government? † are common points of inquiry from a political and social standpoint in philosophy. Political and social philosophy basically takes a look at the various methods people should govern themselves. According to philosopher, Baron D’Holbach, â€Å"Politics must conform to the essence and aims of society, not to the passions of rulers. † This means analyzing the values that the society should be based on, keeping in mind individual rights and justice. Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Aesthetics Aesthetics studies beauty, taste and art. Two very distinct questions that are specific to this branch are as follows: â€Å"What is the nature of beauty? † and â€Å"What is art? † â€Å"It analyzes efforts to establish standards for beauty in all of its various manifestations. And it explores the nature and purpose of art in human affairs† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 37). Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder†? Well, this is the branch of philosophy that examines how to identify principles of beauty. Other questions related to this asked in aesthetics are â€Å"Are there Philosophical Areas 7 universal standards of beauty, or are they relative to cultural and individual taste? † and â€Å"Is there one core concept of beauty or many different concepts? † Citations Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Logic Logic is the branch of philosophy that â€Å"seeks to establish the rules of correct reasoning, clear understanding and valid arguments† (Chaffee, 2013, p. 31). â€Å"What are the logical principles of correct reasoning? † and â€Å"How do people use incorrect reasoning to reach false conclusions? † are questions associated with this branch. In this branch of philosophy, critical thinking is one of the most important skills needed. Citations Chaffee, J.(2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Thought Development: Philosophy & Culture Religion, philosophy and culture are said to be the three pillars or elements of human reality. How does this tie into thought development? What is the relationship between philosophy and culture? â€Å"†¦compared to the feet with which Man journeys towards his destiny, philosophy could represent the eyes that scrutinize that journey, and culture, the earth on which Man is walking during his concrete pilgrimage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Panikkar, 2000). Depending on one’s approach to examining this matter, it may be difficult to separate religion from philosophy. For example, with an intercultural approach, it would not be possible, for religion and philosophy would both be dependent upon the culture. The reason that the two are inseparable sometimes is, according to Philosophical Areas 8 Panikkar (2000), â€Å"Philosophy is but the conscious and critical accompaniment of Man’s journeying towards his destiny. This journeying is called religion in many cultures. † Citations Panikkar, R. (2000). Religion, Philosophy & Culture. Retrieved from http://them.polylog. org/1/fpr-en. htm Personal Attachment to Inquiry Philosophical Areas 9 Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that sticks out to me the most and resonates closest to my innermost self. The runner up is metaphysics, because I do find myself questioning and wondering on the meaning of life and things of that nature. However, I have decided a long time ago that the meaning of life is specific to the person. Whatever it is that drives you, motivates you and keeps you pushing forward, that is your meaning; your â€Å"why†. Epistemology fascinates me because of its questions regarding knowledge and truth. Just because we know something, does that make it truth? In the Taoist religion, the journey you embark on is to enlightenment. The purpose of Taoism is to find truth and to see the whole picture, the entire picture, for what it is. Not many make it to such a spiritual level such as that, but that is the reason for working so diligently internally. I have always admired Buddhist and Taoist for these reasons. As far as cultural influence on my decisions goes, I would have to admit that the American culture does not have as much to offer (that I am seeking, at least) as other cultures do. I am proud of my heritage, but my culture is a different story. I feel like I’m searching for something, yet cannot pinpoint what that something is. Hopefully by the end of this course I will have a better outlook and idea of what that thing is. References Chaffee, J. (2013). The Philosopher’s Way: Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/metaphysics/ Panikkar, R. (2000). Religion, Philosophy & Culture. Retrieved from http://them. polylog. org/1/fpr-en. htm.   

Lumpkin Plumbing Essay

Lumpkin experienced a steady increase in sales since it began 1990 and has recently expanded inventories to accommodate a relatively larger sales increase. Richard Lumpkin borrowed $150,000 to expand the warehouse to hold more inventories and include a model to attract retail sales. The expansion will benefit the company as long as inventories are managed well and the increase in production does not harm profit margins. Lumpkin Plumbing projected figures for the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flows for 2000. Lumpkin anticipated growth for the 2000 year but underestimated the increase in total assets and liabilities by 47. 37%. Lumpkin also projected a 20% increase in sales and realized an actual increase of 63. 15%. Though the company underestimated the sales increase, it was able to manage costs and increase net income 63. 42%. If Lumpkin can maintain its’ profit margin and take advantage of increased demand then the expansion would be beneficial to the health of the company. Lumpkin is managing the expansion and should be able to make its loan repayments of $50,000 per year. Lumpkin also underestimated the growth of its inventories and accounts payable. Inventories at Lumpkin increased 89. 39% though the increase was projected at 10. 48%. Lumpkin had $628,800 in inventories at the end of 2000 which raises concern for the liquidity of the company. Accounts payable projections were also off, with a projected decrease of $2,000 and an actual increase of $216,400. The increase in accounts payable is partly due to the extension of A/P days from 10. 40 to 45. 10 from 1999 to 2000. The extreme A/P could be from inventory costs and also account for the large increase in inventory holdings. Lumpkin could be planning for an increase in sales growth and hold inventories to meet the demand. Even if the discrepancies between the projected and actual figures for the inventories and A/P are explained by increases in sales, these should have been accounted for in the projections and should not have been so dramatically different. Lumpkin Plumbing effectively used the loan to grow the company and is in fair financial health to repay the loans. Though the company has met the increased demand and managed operating costs, the difference in some projections raises reasons for concern. If Lumpkin is not able to forecast financial conditions accurately, the financial future of the company is uncertain, increasing its default risk. I recommend Lumpkin Plumbing be considered for future loans after financial statements are analyzed repayment of the current loan is complete.

Spread of Islam in Europe in the Last Century

Spread of Islam in Europe in the Last Century Introduction Islam is becoming a popular religion in the world today after having spread all over the world and slowly becoming an acceptable religion. Islam is most dominant in Asia and the Arab world. However, in the last century, Islam has found its way into Europe. This paper will describe and highlight the history of Islam in brief and expound on how it has spread to Europe in the last century.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Spread of Islam in Europe in the Last Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islam first became a religion about 1400 hundreds years ago in the regions near Persia and Byzantine (Ezzati, 2002). It was born in the Middle East but as a small religion, its followers had to embrace other cultural norms to survive hostility and keep the religion alive. During the reign of Prophet Mohammad, Islam spread slowly and peacefully. However, after the death of the Prophet, there was a divisio n between the Muslim world, and the Prophet’s mission of peaceful spread of Islam abandoned when his successors formed army troops and began conquering territories (Ezzati, 2002). These troops conquered regions and converted every one under their rule to Islam. The troops acquired big territories and formed empires. The empires succeeded each other until in the late 18th century when colonialists from Europe destroyed them. These Empires included; Umayyad, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Safavids, Mughlas and Ottomans. The arrangement of the dynasties is in a chronological order of their existence and their power. Umayyad is the first and most powerful followed by the rest respectively (Malik, 2004). However, these empires did not conquer Europe. Actually, it is due to this fact that the remaining part will discuss how Islam found its way into Europe. Channels of Spread Islam spread throughout Europe in the last century through various channels, such as education and trade (Pauly, 2004). Islam merchants from the Muslim World travelled in merchandise ships to Europe. These merchants on arrival in Europe spread their faith to the European citizens who were willing to hear them and later converted them into Islam. These merchants being trade partners with Europe had the permission to build temporary mosques at the places they stayed when they were on trade missions. By doing this, they slowly spread Islam in Europe as they traded into the deepest parts of Europe (Pauly, 2004). The other major channel through which Islam was spread was through education and science (Abicht, 2008). This was because of the first university built in the Muslim world that made the West become eager to acquire this knowledge.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This university taught majorly Muslim contents and the Europeans who came to learn, also leant about the Muslim faith and would later spread it and teach the faith to the rest of Europe. Europe later built universities and gave scholarships to most of the Muslims students who upon arriving in Europe spread the faith to the other students. Apart from the above mentioned major channels, Islam developed rapidly in Europe after the First World War in 1924 (Ezzati, 2002). Islam rapidly developed during this period because it was during this time that most of the Europeans had occupied the Muslim World. Most Europeans who occupied the Muslim World assimilated the Islam culture and on return to Europe spread the Islam religion to the others left behind in Europe (Abicht, 2008). The other major way through which Islam has spread into Europe was through immigration (Pauly, 2004). Many Muslims migrated to Europe especially in the late 1950s throughout the 1960s to date. These Muslim immigrants went to Europe to pursue higher education or in search of better jobs. Later on, they acquired citizenship in the European nations. These immigrants later brought their families with them and the Muslim population has rapidly being growing in Europe (Malik, 2004). Some of the Muslims present in Europe today, first went there as asylum seekers. The Muslim culture and religion allows polygamy, so the husbands have several wives. This culture also allows girls to be married at very early ages promoting their fertility rates. Due to their high fertility rates, their population has greatly being increasing. The religion also has good cultural values, which are appealing to almost anyone who has interest in the religion. Therefore, after settling in Europe and continuing to practice their religion and culture, some of their Christians neighbors were pleased with the religion and converted to it. Additionally, some people converted to the religion out of sheer eagerness. As such, the religion has been spreading all over the region. In the early 19th century when Islam was y oung in Europe, the Christians began worrying leading to the break of Christians and formation of various Christian denominations especially the Protestants and Roman Catholics. The Protestants went ahead and split even further forming amongst them various denominations (Abicht, 2008). The division among the Christians left many Christians at that time confused on which side to follow. Islam emerging at this time gave a perfect opportunity for the confused Christians to convert into Islam. The main reason was that Islam advocates for one religion, which worships one Supreme Being who is Allah. This message reached the confused Christians who had questions as to why the Christians were splitting yet they worshipped one God. At the time of this confusion, Islam was the only religion to opt for. Many people converted to Islam during this period. The converts influenced their close associates to convert into Islam too, and this is among the many reasons and major ways that Islam spread in Europe in the last century (Malik, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Spread of Islam in Europe in the Last Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other major reasons as to why Islam has spread rapidly in Europe over the last century are the changes in the Christian worshiping styles. During the introduction of Christianity, virtues were highly regarded and people were morally upright although not perfect. The Christians heard the teachings of the Quran, compared them with those of the Bible, and found them similar and they were left confused again, as to why Christianity was becoming more secular. Christianity was becoming a religion of only going to the church rather than practicing what the bible taught. This questions and realization by many Christians made them think otherwise about Christianity. These Christians realized that Islam entailed and practiced what it taught and in a search for a better religion, which was pure and more moral and holy; the Christians found themselves converting to Islam (Ezzati, 2002). Islam remains as the symbol for perfect architectural work because every component of this religion supports each other resulting to a religion of great balance and composition. In addition, it practices everything it teaches and postulates. These facts about Islam have attracted many Christians and pagans who have become converts and followers of the religion. The reason many people are converting to Islam is their knowledge of what Islam has to offer and the lack of confinement by culture since there is freedom of choice (Pauly, 2004). The other reason why Islam has been spreading all over Europe is because of its simplicity (Ezzati, 2002). Islam has a very simple doctrine that calls for the belief in one God creator of heaven and earth. Islam has simple instructions to humankind. it encourages mankind to utilize his God given powers to observe and make i ntellect decisions. These simple instructions have attracted many to the faith in Europe especially in the last century. The other reason why many people in Europe converted to Islam in the last century is after realization of the truth. After the Christian missionaries failed to conquer most of the Asian world, which was mostly Islam, they had to come back to Europe with the false information that Islam had spread by the use of the sword, the reason for the claim, is because of the major territories the Islamic empires had ruled. These missionaries had claimed that after conquering these territories, the people had to choose between Islam and death and as a result, they chose Islam. However, in the last century, people have become more educated and have read more about Islamic history. As such, they have realized that their empires were just like many other empires that existed in the world at that time and that converting to Islam was out of an individual’s choice. This rev elation has removed and erased all the worries and fears that people had about Islam and the large numbers of converts see the result, especially in the last century.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also important in this discussion to mention other channels that have lead to the rapid spread of Islam in Europe and especially North Europe, not initially invaded by any Muslims. These channels are three and considered to be among the fundamental factors that have facilitated the spread of Islam throughout Europe. As mentioned earlier, immigration of Muslims was among the major factors, but immigration has resulted to three major channels that include Islamic organizations, Public Mosques, and infamous underground movements (Abicht, 2008). First, I will begin with the organization groups. Once the Muslim immigrants came into Europe, their population was minimal, and there were no mosques around them. This was in the early 1920s after World War 1 (Pauly, 2004). In an effort to preserve their religion, these Muslim immigrants formed small religious groups, which members could meet and worship together. It was in the estates where these immigrants stayed that the creation of th ese groups took place. However, the estate groups were not as influential in the spread of Islam as the Campus Islamic Preaching Organizations later formed in the late 1930s by the offspring’s of the immigrants (Ezzati, 2002). The few Muslim students who would invite other campus students to go and listen to their summons organized these preaching organizations in campus. The preaching groups would get involved in public debates with the Christian organizations and debate on the virtues and vices of their faith. The engagement in these debates made many campus students familiar with the religion, and the true meaning of a believer. Having in mind that peers, the conversion of some of the campus students, influence many campus students had impact on some of their friends who would later convert to Islam. Later in life, the students did not leave the religion at campus but adopted into their families and when they had their own families their children were born as Muslims and t he trend has developed in that manner and Muslims who were native converts were slowly occupying most of Europe. The other channel that Islam spread over the last century in Europe was through public mosques (Malik, 2004). After acquiring citizenship of the various countries they had migrated to, the immigrants had to worship and as a result, they built public mosques in which they would worship. The Muslims would worship three times a day in their Mosques, as a requirement by the religion. In the mosque, the Sheik would preach and teach the faithful of what is required of them. These teachings not only taught the Muslim faithful but everyone who wanted to hear them also had the opportunity. It is true to note that in the early 1980s mosques had become a common phenomenon in Europe and that they were flooded with many youths. Although most of the youths were Muslims, some Christians always accompanied them to go, hear, and see what their friends believed in. These mosques also had e xternal speakers and the message of the preacher heard within a clear range of distance. Even the passersby could hear and learn a little from the religion. The students who visited the mosques realized that it was not only a source of religious and spiritual nourishment but also a source of knowledge because some important scientific discussions went on there. This information spread among people, the non-Muslims would find themselves visiting the Mosques, and eventually they became converts. Those who passed near the mosques, heard the message, got touched and later converted to Islam and these are the simple ways that Islam was spread all over Europe in the last century. Lastly, there were the underground Muslim movements that assisted in the spread Islam (Malik, 2004). The immigrant Muslims formed underground movements to spread Islam in secret, through Europe. The reason they formed such movements were for fear of persecution from the governments that mostly comprised of Christ ian leaders. The campus students formed these organizations and wanted to spread Islam but feared expulsion from their campus. This was also because Christians owned most of the universities during this time, and the Christian leaders were against Islam. These underground movements moved from place to place spreading Islam and converting all those who were willing to embrace the religion. These underground movements played a significant role in the spread of Islam in Europe in the last century. Conclusion Although Islam has evenly spread in Europe over the last century, it is important to know that it has not been an easy journey. There have been major obstacles and pullbacks that have made the spread quite slow. Some of the Muslim converts are becoming more secular, but in an effort to curb this, the religion is becoming more civilized dropping the cultures that oppressed its followers, especially women. The Muslim religion today is advocating for the empowerment of its women follo wers. Islam has been associated with terrorism and this has hindered its spread, but the strong stand of the Muslim faithful and making it clear that the Quran and Islam do not advocate for terrorism have led to its success. However, despite all these pullbacks, the religion is still spreading at a first rate and it is now widely spread in Europe. Recent statistics have shown that about 53 million people of the total population in Europe today are Muslims and this is only an approximation (Abicht, 2008). Reference List Abicht, L. (2008). Islam Europe: Challenges and opportunities. Belgium: Leuven University Press. Ezzati, A. (2002). The spread of Islam: The contributing factors. London: Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press. Malik, J. (2004). Muslims in Europe: From the margin to the centre. Münster: LIT. Pauly, R. J. (2004). Islam in Europe: integration or marginalization? Aldershot [Hampshire: Ashgate.

The Roll of Ethics In Public Administration Research Paper

The Roll of Ethics In Public Administration - Research Paper Example This paper declares that from the case of Enron to the case of Lehman Brothers, corporate ethics, namely the disregard for them, have been a pervasive theme of the past several years. However, in all of the discussion of insider trading or purposefully ignoring standards for the financial sector, little attention is paid toward the public sector and the means through which high ethical standards must necessarily be engaged. As such, this brief analysis will focus upon the public sector and the need for ethics that it necessarily engenders. Recent cases of poor ethics within the public sector have resulted in a great loss of efficiency and/or public trust; which thereby correlates to a decrease in the functions or usefulness of these public entities. As a result of all of these reasons, regaining public trust through demonstrating high ethical standards is a core requirement that all publicly administered organizations must engage. It is the hope of this author that the discussion tha t will be forthcoming will underscore this need and seek to provide solutions and proscriptive change for the way in which this might be handled. As the paper highlights that the history of public trust dates as far back as public institutions themselves. Sadly, for much of this history, public organizations have been seen as corrupt and inefficient; at least as compared to their private counterparts. Beyond merely an unfair level of characterization, the underlying rational for this has traditionally been the fact that publicly administered organizations have a seemingly endless supply of resources. Due to this characterization, individuals incorrectly attribute this to mean that public administered organizations are inherently unethical and become wasteful and unscrupulous with the resources that they are charged with. Regardless of the standards that might exists, this is still a pervasive view that is held by many stakeholders; and likely one that is not set to change anytime in the very near future.  

How Far External Auditors are Committed to Code of Conduct in Saudi Thesis

How Far External Auditors are Committed to Code of Conduct in Saudi Arabia, and the Ways which Encourage them to Follow Professional Behaviour - Thesis Example Scope of the study: The study will cover a wide area of auditors’ ethics. This research will involve a detailed study of the accounting and external auditing standards of Saudi Arabia. The code of conduct of the country’s accounting standards will also be studied. Study about the external auditor’s commitment to such code of ethics is the major area of study. Finally, this research will suggest a set of important recommendations that might help to improve the professional behaviour of external auditors in Saudi Arabia, and encourage them to commit code of conduct. World over very few studies were conducted in the field of personal values and accounting ethics. One among such few studies is ‘Effects of personal values on auditors’ ethical decisions.’ The study was mainly conducted among practicing auditors. The study however revealed that personal values and preferences do not influence the ethical decisions in accounting. It explains that other than personal values it is contextual factors that promote unethical behavior in accounting. Another study on ethics and auditing is, ‘Testing the bases of ethical decision-making: a study of the New Zealand auditing profession.’ The study showed that most of the auditors did not avoid a difficult situation. The study also showed that demographic factors like age, gender, job profile, etc. did not influence a person’s ethical behavior in their profession. There was another study that was done to find the relationship between cultural influences on professional ju dgment and auditor client-conflict resolution. The study was focused on auditing professionals of Australia, China, Malaysia and India. There was clear difference witnessed in the behavior of Australian auditors compared to that of the Asian counterparts. This is a slightly different view than the study, ‘Effects of personal values on auditors’ ethical decisions.’ â€Å"New corporate governance rules

Consumer Cultures, Environmental Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Cultures, Environmental Futures - Essay Example In addition, chicken meat production is projected to increase to around 1.2 million tones. Around three-quarters of domestic chicken meat that are supplied in the Australian market are processed by two major processing industries. Over the total poultry production 95 per cent is chicken, the remaining per cent comprises of turkey and duck meat production. The vertical integration in the chicken meat industry is more as compared to other production in the livestock sectors. This leading business has a model whereby the processors provide both day-old chicks and feed for growers contracted to nurture the chickens over about five weeks. To increase productivity of the chicken meat industry, Australia has continued to import new genetic strains that enable producers to improve numerous traits (The Poultry site, 2013). These traits include the increase in meat yield per bird, feed conversion productivity and disease resistance. An individual in Australia consumes an average of 45 kg per p erson and there is a high probability that this will increase by 2014. This means that chicken consumption will remain competitive against substitute meats. In addition consumption of chicken meat is anticipated to grow to 47 kg by 2018 making it the most consumed meat in Australia. This calls for increased production of chicken and one of the chicken industries that is on the fore front to increase this production is the Victorian Chicken Meat Industry. One of the key questions when it comes to Victoria’s chicken meat industry is its location. The broiler farms are located near the processing facilities of the company they are contracted to supply. This is where day old chicks are nurtured to slaughter weight. In addition, the need to reduce the transportation cost, improve access to infrastructure, labor, and the higher need to get near the customers has led to the processing facilities to be located near to metropolitan centers. The Victoria’s chicken meat processin g unit is located primarily in the Melbourne, Barwon, Gippsland, and Loddon regions. To reduce biosecurity risks the Victoria chicken industry has generally separated breeding farms from broiler farms (DEPI, 2013). Melbourne produces 64 percent of the total chicken production whereas the other remaining percent is produced in other production plants in Barwon (18 per cent), Gippsland (9 per cent), and Loddon (7 per cent). The Victorian chicken meat industry generally has investments across all the supply chain and thus making it to have a highly vertically integrated processing unit. This vertical integration ranges from breeding farms, feed mills, hatcheries, broilers farms, and processing plants. There are 224 businesses involved in chicken meat production under the Victoria chicken meat industry. There are around 200 broilers farm that grow meat chickens and work under the Victoria chicken industry where the processors retain ownership of the chickens throughout the supply chain. The victoria has a number of broiler farms that nurtures meat chickens and around 10 breeding facilities. At a single period the Victorian industry raises approximately 23 million broilers and 970,000 breeding stock. In every year there are about 128 million meat

Culture report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture report - Essay Example The students that attend this high school have many obstacles to overcome in their lives. The reservation is a place of high poverty, high unemployment and high rates of substance abuse. It is the type of environment that keeps people from succeeding in life. Yet, this remarkable high school basketball team seems to find a way to win every year. They have won five state championships against much larger, well-funded schools. One of the secrets to the success of the team is their dedicated coach Al Redman. The movie focuses on Beaver C’Bearing and the work he and his coach put into winning. It shows that the boys on the team succeed by working hard to hone their skills and by working together. The movie shows that unfortunately, the lessons learned on the basketball court often do not translate to life on the reservation. Much of the conversation in the movie centers on players that were once great but have failed to have successful lives. II. Relevance of the movie CHIEFS to M arketing There is a lot of relevance in the movie CHIEFS to cross cultural marketing. One of the aspects of culture that was displayed in this movie of Native American culture seems to be the aspect of a focus on shared ownership of public goods. The Chiefs basketball team belongs to the reservation. It occurs to me that this is truer for this community of Native Americans than it is for the typical American community with a more Euro-centric culture. The Chiefs literally belong to the community, no one person or group has more of an interest in them than anyone else does. That is why everyone leaves the reservation to go see the Chiefs play their games in the playoffs. What this means for marketing is that any attempt to market the mystique, culture or logo of the Chiefs would have to be done in a way that benefits the entire community. If any one single individual or group were to try to monopolize access or attempt to brand the Chiefs in a way that excluded the community at large , I believe that this person would have a difficult time succeeding. This team is truly the heart and the soul of the Wind River Reservation in some ways. It is more than a source of pride, it is a public good, and therefore the public will have to be supportive of any marketing efforts involving the team. III. Personal Reaction to the viewing of the movie CHIEFS. I really enjoyed the movie and the crowd that had gathered to watch the movie. I really got caught-up in the stories of these basketball players and how difficult their lives were. I never felt sorry for them, because they seemed so determined to succeed at basketball. I felt that the writer and director of the film did a great job depicting the challenges Beaver C’Bearing and his teammates faced, without sensationalizing the challenges they face off the court. At times, the movie was sad, but always made me feel as though in the end the people on the team would somehow, against all the odd succeed in life and in th e game of basketball. I could not help pull for the team in each one of their games, even though the players were flawed and imperfect people. Right to the end of the movie, I believed that these people were going to win. I wanted them to win because it appears as though they were dealt such an unfair hand by fate and by their circumstances. However, I liked the fact that the

Customer Relationship Management

Customer Relationship Management This study aims to examine the causal relationships among customer relationship management and customer retention. This paper will follow the main aspects, characteristics, dimensions and processes of Customer Relationship Management, and will analyze the challenges that the local companies will have to face. There is one independent variable (customer relationship management) and one dependent variable (customer retention) with sample size 100 as convenience data collection. In this study will test the targeted customer satisfaction to gain customer loyalty as well as. This study will be examining the effect of customer relationship perceptions and relationship marketing on customers relations. Customer relationship perceptions are considered evaluations of relationship strength and suppliers offerings. Research marketing instruments are aimed at to evaluate the relationship and help to differentiate between loyalty or reward programs promotions. The subjects for the proposed study were bank customers. A self administered questionnaire had been used for the proposed study. Introduction: This part will be helping reader to introducing the bigger picture of related topic which will be discussed in this study. The topic is related to customer relationship management and customer retention to study what would be the impact of good relationship between marketers and the final consumer and along with this drive to follow the topic. The capability of customer relationship management on customer retention in other words how it will has an impact to retain customer and to make him or her loyal this is the main purpose to study this topic and this will be the main focus of this research. We are conducting this research to study that either the customers would be influenced by good relationship management and how much the relationship management would be help them out to retain customers loyalty as well. Basically the main concept of customer relationship is relationship between the customer and the organization in other words how a company can achieve large number of potentia l customer who is willing to buy a particular brand of same company and then how they are going to retain in the long run. Nowadays companies are willing to deliver right brand or service to the right customer with right features and benefits or attributes when the wanted. To become a good organization it should to manage good relationships with its customer in order to make more customers or to attract them and also keep in view with companys changing environment. Consumers willing to buy benefits and also interested to get good services as well as if we are talking about here the tele communication industry so we have lots of examples of different companies services which they are providing innovatively to satisfied their customers needs, wants and requirements also. All the companied are coming up with different and innovative ideas and using as a method to compete with their competitors successfully and because of that consumers are getting more aware with different and lots of services which are also increasing customers needs. This research is actually focusing on two areas, first is to test is there significant impact of customer relationship perception on customer retention or not? And second is, there is significant impact of relationship marketing instruments on customer retention or not? Because every company has aim to retain their current customer as long as much and also try to steal away from their rivals, so this study is testing the impact of customer relationship perception and relationship marketing instruments on customer retention. I took tele-communication industry to test customer retention that how much good relationships and marketing instruments have an impact to retain customers on the long term basis. The current expansion in customer relationship marketing has more and more paying attention towards the valuable impacts of consumer retention. The idea of structuring customer relationships and providing good quality service to maintain or persuade reliability is possibly of specific si gnificance in the service segment where it is frequently discussed that consumer appeal costs are considerably more than retention costs. The main purpose of investment in the expansion of service quality and consumer relationships is the faith that these investments will improve loyalty, retention and productivity. This study will discover the relationship between service quality consumer relationships and consumer loyalty and retention. Customer relationship is playing an important part within the organization as they are the keys in order to increase the sales, market shares and net profit, marketers are more focused nowadays to attracting and making more customers and plus to retain them forever, customer relationship process is very significant strategy to retaining, pertaining and acquiring quality customers or potential customers to make superior quality for the organization and for the customers. Marketing productivity can be achieved by create marketing efficiency and creat e marketing effectiveness. Customer relationship management is playing a key role to improve organizations well known name also. The main idea of this study is to test the impact of marketing instruments and customer relationship perception and to test how these two techniques are effective to influence customers, either it works truly or maybe it is not. Through data collection and market research we will be able to finalize this argue. Customer relationship management must be understand the difference between the high value customer and low value customer on the basis of lifestyle, perception, preferences, age, culture background and education also. Being a marketer we should focused on loyal customers because they are more profitable key customers company should has to invest more on loyal customers to give them high quality service, benefits and incentives also to retain them and this would be good way to be a positive impact on customers perception. Companies nowadays are diligently working on this sector to improve companys services in order to attract more customers. Customer relationship management is simply a philosophy that keeps the customers in the heart of the business organization, as we all know that consumer is a king of marketing companies should have serve them as best as they can. A successful customer relationship management process can be done by understanding customers needs and requirements and to integrate them according to the organizations internal strategy changings time to time and also according to the external changings analysis. Therefore the main aim is should be to start customer relationship management initiatives is to look what company is doing right now and what it should be doing in future to improve its interface with its customers. Purpose of This Study This study is focused on the impact of customer relationship management on customer retention. In this research there will be multi nominal logestictechnique using to identify the impact of customer relationship management on customer retention, there is one independent variable (customer relationship management) and one dependent variable (customer retention) with sample size 100 as convenience data collection. In this study will test the targeted customer satisfaction to gain customer loyalty as well as. The organizations look for paths to deal with consumer relationships in the long term basis and to find the service providing ways customer to manage targeted customers relationship which becomes a key main concern. This study will be examining the effect of customer relationship perceptions and relationship marketing on customers relations. Customer relationship perceptions are considered evaluations of relationship strength and suppliers offerings. Research marketing instruments are aimed at to evaluate the relationship and help to differentiate between loyalty or reward p rograms promotions. Literature Review According to author nowadays in marketing the fashion to constructing or maintaining of relationships between the customers and the marketers is now become a continues process to build and grow to be strong and marketers have become gradually more involved to retaining consumers for the long time in future to make them loyal. Not amazingly, a lot of realistic and theoretical models of consumer retention have discover fulfillment of their needs as a way to addressed in consumers judgment to keep or leave or discontinue to the specific manufactured goods or service relationship or association. Certainly, fulfillment of needs can be measure have accounted for up to 40% of the difference in models of Consumer retention. (Lemon, 2002) Managers of many multinational companies are strongly believed that there is a wide and rising subject of study explores on consumer fulfillment that center of principally on person level of fulfillments of desires with specific merchandise or services. Moderately slightly concentration Is paying to the determinants of marketplace level of satisfaction, which is distinct here as the collective fulfillment of those who buy and use a specific good presenting. The researcher objective is to build and experiment an approach to reproduction satisfaction that connects to the market place prospect, supposed performance or worth and consumer satisfaction over time (Johnson, Anderson, Fornell) According to a researcher of this study that the main purpose of this study is that the consumer Gaining procedure has an effect on the consumer retention procedure. This study shows a method for discovering consumer retention which determinant for the effect the consumer gaining procedure has on the retention procedure infect although information on non obtain prediction are not accessible. In other words if we are talking about statically so this means that the planned technique at the same time addresses information will be editing. This is very significant to code that the center of this technique is not to address how companies should Obtain consumers. In its place, the purpose of this technique is to accurate for the partiality in the consumer retention study that answer from imagining that consumer attainment and retention Are independent procedure. evaluating the technique with a normal technique used in retention study, this study illustrates that the normal approach disregard the connection among attainment and retention, guides to wrong conclusion concerning the period of the consumer company connection and the productivity of a consumer and mystification concerning the effect of marketing strategy on the period of the consumer company association (Thomas, 2001) Now a days the fashion in marketing in the direction to making associations with consumers keep on to raise and managers have been now more and more paying attention in retaining consumers during the time. Not amazingly, a lot of realistic and academic representation of consumer retention has discovered fulfillment since an input determinant in consumers choices to remain or fall that is discontinued. In other words a known manufactured goods or service relationship. Certainly, fulfillment of desires procedures have determinant at least 40% of the variation in representation of consumer retention. In this study, we search for to know which further aspects might manipulate the consumers choices to remain or go down a manufactured goods or service, over and above satisfaction level (Lemon, White, Winer) Customer relationship management Customer relationship management (CRM) is a grouping of individuals, processes, and technology intended to recognize and deal with a companys affairs with consumers by emphasizing on relationship development and customer retention. Its intention is to increase profit by achieving a most favorable equilibrium among corporate investments and customer satisfaction. CRM applications help organizations analyze customer loyalty and profitability on measures such as repeat purchases, dollars spent, and longevity (Chen Popovich, 2003). CRM also analyzes its roots to relationship marketing, which is objected at improving profitability in the long run by deemphasizing captivating fresh consumers and emphasizing customer retention through efficient management of customer relationships (Christopher, Payne, Ballantyne, 1991). Relationship marketing refers to all marketing activities aimed at forming, increasing, and maintaining winning relational contacts. The management of customer relationships is precious for the company (Morgan Hunt, 1994; Webster, 1992). Customer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very significant when companies altered their approach towards marketing function. These days, the cross-functional approach to marketing needs an organizational climate and culture that appreciates teamwork and support among departments. Individuals within the business must value their part in helping clients, internal or external one. CRM builds on the values of relationship marketing and recognizes that clients are a business asset and not just a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to Processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and form the one-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006) chiefly CRM allows the company to realize who their purchaser is, isolate the best client (those with whom you wish to have old associations), form relationships stretching over time and linking multiple interactions, handle the bond to shared benefit, search for to obtaining more of those best clients. Inputs like marketing tactics, products and customer base, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programmer which forms outputs as customer service, customer retention, more share of wallet, customer referral, more expected revenues streams, better profitability, lesser costs and better fulfillment (Russell-Jones, 2003). CRM has its roots in Relationship Marketing, that is an over effort of exchange associates to make a long-term relationship, characterized by purposeful support and shared reliance on the growth of social as well as structural association (Pulde, 1999). Light (2003) acknowledged that CRM originated from business processes such as relationship marketing and the increased highlighting on better customer retention through the efficient management of customer relationships. A CRM system can be observed as an enterprise information system that includes all business processes in marketing, sales, , and after-sale service that entails the client. Levine (2000) points out that CRM systems use customer-related information or knowledge to convey related products or services to the companys clients. One of the most important definitions of a CRM system has been put forward by Davenport et al. (2001), stating that CRM systems are all the tools, technologies and actions to direct, progress or assist sales, support and linked relations with clients, prospects, and business associates all through the enterprise. In the same way, Parvatiyar Sheth (2002) speak of CRM systems as a co partnering with choosy clients to create better worth for the company and the clients. It involves the integration of marketing, sales, customer service, and the supply-chain functions of the organization to attain better efficiencies and competence in delivering customer value. CRM is about captivating and keeping clients and increasing your business. To do so, you must recognize and achieve insight into your most valuable clients so you can aim and personalize relations with them. You have to alter products and services based on their requirements and Preferences and construct long-term, beneficial relations with them. To encourage beneficial growth, your corporation must become a customer focused enterprise. You do so by designing and constantly improving business processes and communication channels to build and convey greater customer value and outstanding customer experiences across all touch points. You know that loyal customers are your most vital assets and that your business practices must hold and maintain such relationships. Your business must understand individual customer requirements, react rapidly to customer desires and altering wants, and offer high-quality service. You must also lessen the cost of interacting with clients and allow your workers to focus on doing what they do most excellent. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a mixture of individuals, processes, and technology designed to recognize and control a companys relations with clients by focusing on relationship development and customer retention (Chen Popovich, 2003). Its intention is to increase profit by obtaining an optimum equilibrium among corporate investments and client contentment. CRM applications assist organizations assess customer loyalty and productivity on Measures such as repeat purchases, dollars spent, and longevity (Chen Popovich, 2003). CRM traces its roots to relationship marketing, which is targeted at improving long run profitability by deemphasizing captivating fresh clients and emphasizing customer retention through efficient management of customer relationships (Christopher, Payne, Ballantyne, 1991). Relationship marketing refers to all marketing activities aimed at establishing, budding, and maintaining booming relational exchanges (Morgan Hunt, 1994). The management of customer relationships is precious for the corporation (Morgan Hunt, 1994; Webster, 1992). Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh (1987) points out those customer relationships grow over different phases that are associated to the customer lifecycle. Greve and Albers (2006) identify three customer lifecycle phases: Initiation, Maintenance and Retention. These phases are characterized by differences in attitudes and orientations and thus need different management relationship approaches at each phase (Srivastava, Shervani, Fahey, 1998). Many organizations chartered with implementing CRM are confused as to what CRM in reality means (Payne, 2006). Persons, teams and managers might be struggling with where to start on in the CRM process. In a lot of cases they might have acknowledged a directive to implement a CRM solution with slight direction on what this in reality means. Payne (2006) points out that some of this uncertainty may be due to the fact that there are many vendors who recommend CRM-based solutions for information management therefore skewing the definition of customer relationship management away from fostering customer relationships and on the way to technology. Customer retention is very vital for businesses to continue to be competitive. It has lately become more significant compared to customer acquisition. In this Study the customer retention was calculated by four proportions i.e. overall firm contentment, repeat purchase intentions, positive words of mouth and loyalty to the firm. Earlier researches showed that when clients were pleased with a firm quality of services, (Maxham III, 2000) clients delivered positive words of mouth and suggested the firm services to other potential and prospective clients ( Soderland, 1998; Susskind, 2000 ). They also come back more regular to the firm to purchase in bigger amounts or in another words the tendency to repeat purchase was very high ( Palmer et al, 2000 ). In addition pleased clients were loyal to the firm even though they were given better perks, discount and other promotional incentives by competitors. Pleased clients are loyal and tough to defect to competitors ( Foster Cardogan, 2002 ; Zins, 2001) Relationship management is superfluous if customers defect since there is further no relationship to deal with. To retain clients, merchants must carry on satisfying them. When consumers are pleased, they continue to stay loyal longer, purchase more, chat thoughtfully about the company and its goods, and price fewer to service since the transactions become more regular. In order to Keep customers content is price effective, as it outlays extra money to tempt a customer away from the rivalry than to maintain the present one (Kotler, 2000) Acquiring new customers can cost five times more than the costs engaged in pleasing and retaining existing customers (Reichheld, 1996). Further, there seems to be a direct association among retention and company profitability and customer worth, which is explained as an exclusive blend of benefits received by targeted buyers. These benefits include quality, cost, handiness, in time delivery, and both before-sale and after-sale service (Kerin, Hartley, Rudelius, 2007). Also, a content purchaser tends to tell at least three other individuals regarding their shopping experience while a discontented purchaser tends to complain to at least nine other individuals. Content buyers also tend to become loyal customers (Sheth, Mitral, Newman, 1999). Relationship marketing is suggested as an approach to beat service intangibility (Berry 1983) and may be suitable for credibility services that are the, services which are hard for consumers to counseling services are in this group. The customer may have an association with a firm itself and/or a particular contact individual, but personal relationships are assumed to result in larger commitment (Liechty and Churchill 1979). Customer Relationship Management (Payne, 2006) is based on the idea that in order for a company to make the most of long term profit, client requirements have to be understood and Leveraged (String fellow, Nie Bowen, 2004). Payne and Frow (2005) report that the definition of CRM differs broadly. One end of the range deals with very planned and targeted technology solutions while the other end considers customer relationship management a holistic and strategic approach in order to increase shareholder value (Payne Frow, 2005). Firms use relationship marketing instruments (RMIs), such as loyalty programs and direct mailings (Hart et al. 1999; Roberts and Berger 1999). Firms also aim to build close relationships with customers to enhance customers relationship perceptions (CRPs). Although the impact of these tactics on customer retention has been reported (e.g., Bolton 1998; Bolton, Kannan, and Bramlett 2000), there is skepticism about whether such tactics can succeed in developing customer share in customer markets (Dowling 2002; Dowling and Uncles 1997). Relationship marketing is in reality Database marketing with a pleasant, more intellectual face. Many database marketing types just utilize the database as a list and mail things to it; relationship marketing implies a deeper knowledge of the client and some sort of give and take. In relationship marketing, there is acknowledgement of a clients life cycle, and marketing is viewed as a practice rather than a sequence of apparently unrelated proceedings. The process is typically explained as a series of customer stages, and there are many different names specified to these stages, depending on the marketers viewpoint and the kind of business. For instance, working from the start of the association to the end of the association: Interaction > Communication > Valuation > Termination Awareness > Comparison > Transaction > Reinforcement > Advocacy Suspect > Prospect > Customer > Partner > Advocate > Former Customer in this process, you attempt to modify programs for individual customer groups and the stage of the process they are going all the way through; as opposite to some forms of database marketing where everyone would get nearly the same promotions, with possibly a vary in offer. The phase in consumer lifecycle determines the approach used in marketing. An uncomplicated example of this would be delivering fresh clients a greeting Kit. And in relationship marketing, you pay attention to the data and attempt to listen to what its telling you. OK, if you pursue the techniques in the book, you are doing relationship marketing, no hesitation about it. Relationship marketing with a currency, a store of value that attempts to maintain the client locked up with a business. In loyalty programs, customer profiling is used broadly to encourage to clients, apart from points are used in its place of discounts as the incentive for activity. Loyalty programs are costly and hard to do right, but can be successful, as long as these things are true: The rewards are desirable to the particular customer base. Generic loyalty programs with blah awards nearly all the time do not succeed. If you are doing a sports loyalty program and you suggest tickets to big games in place of over-priced cameras for rewards, you will do okay with the clients. The program is kept new and thrilling, with a continuous diversity of stuff to entail the client with, as well as refreshing of the rewards directory, point auctions, etc.The marketing does not focus on thoughts forming subsidy costs between finest clients. In the ideal world, you need to utilize points to create activity from little value clients, and you do not need your high value clients spending down their points to zero every time. Some marketers persuade the opposite and bankrupt their programs. Loyalty programs have extensively been a significant component of customer relationship management for firms in travel related industries such as airlines, hotels, and rental cars. Information technology that enables firms to put into practice individual level marketing has facilitated the extend of loyalty programs into such diverse industries as gaming, financial services, and retailing (Deighton 2000). Some academic researchers have started to analyze loyalty programs. Behavior leaning researchers, such as Soman (1998) and Kivetz and Simonson (2002), have study the consequences of postponed incentives on consumer decisions. A unique feature of loyalty programs is that their attractiveness might alter with dynamism with respect to a customers decisions. As purchases are being made, all together the customers investment in the program and the customers probability of earning an incentive also enhances. on the other hand, when a customer decides not to buy in a specified time, the probability of earning an incentive minimizes, as the customer moves no closer to the incentive threshold, and the time left to earn rewards shrinks. The evaluation of a programs attractiveness becomes more complex because customers usually have inadequate awareness of their future necessities and of the marketing policies of the firm. These dynamic factors are a challenge in the modeling of customer reaction to loyalty programs. Customer satisfaction has for several years been a key determinant in analyzing why clients Disappear or go on with with an organization. Each organization wants to know how to retain their clients, even if they show to be satisfied. Richards refers that a few unsatisfied clients may wish not to defect, because they do not look forward to be given improved service somewhere else and that some satisfied clients may look for other options if they think they can get improved services in another place. Customer satisfaction is viewed a significant indicator of customer retention but customer satisfaction is not all the time a guarantee of customer retention. Retaining customers is also dependent on various other variables such as choices, conveniences, prices, and incomes (Richards, 1996; Jones and Sasser, 1995). Understanding the association among organizational strategy and customer loyalty is the Next region of examination. Oliver (1999) describes that customer loyalty will keep up a customer coming back for upcoming buying in spite of situational influences and marketing Efforts having the probability to cause switching attitude. Several researchers consider that customer satisfaction is a principal driver of customer loyalty (Kotler Keller, 2006), on the other hand Oliver (1999) and McAlexander, Kim and Roberts (2003) caution that contentment is only one driver of customer loyalty and that other factors must be well thought-out, together with potential obstacles to creating and maintaining loyalty (Gurau, Ranchhod Hackney, 2003). Customer satisfaction For customer satisfaction to be far above the ground, promises and hopes must be met. This involves the firms capability to recognize customer prospect. The ability to deal with problems as they arise is a key ingredient to success. Also, the organization needs to consider complaints as a gift! Why? Customers who have an issue dealt with to their satisfaction have a 95% likelihood of repurchasing and telling 5 people about their experience; if they dont complain (as 96% of people do) they will tell at least 10 other people about their problem. The occurrence of problems can cause a 15-to-30-point drop in high-satisfaction responses and in loyalty indicators. This puts revenue at risk to the average tune of 11%. So, some techniques to maintain and improve satisfaction must be considered. An effective complaint handling system is an excellent defensive tool. Ongoing surveys to measure customer satisfaction and loyalty, and capture the voice of the customer are also essential. The biggest problem, however, is that companies do not manage the customer contact experience with sufficient detail. Therefore I often recommend my Customer Experience Workshop as an effective analytical and improvement tool. It is practical and leads to speedy outcome. Customer retention Havent we all heard the now-clichà ©d quote Customer is the king? Not only is this true for all service oriented businesses, but also increasingly relevant for all types of businesses like manufacturing, product based businesses etc. Never has been the customer more relevant to an organizations success than todays essentially buyer focused markets. It, therefore, makes immense business sense to keep your customers from choosing other providers (your competitors) over you. Not only does this ensure you the advantages of repeat business, but also creates a comfort zone for the customer, where they can predict the quality of products and / or services theyll receive from you. It thus pays to manage and effectively retain satisfied customers. Customer retention is a series of activities and/or strategies aimed at keeping customers from defecting to your competitors. Customer Retention marketing is the kind of approach that is tactically-driven and is based on customer conduct or attitude. It is the central activity going on at the back the scenes in relationship marketing, loyalty marketing, database marketing, permission marketing, and so forth. Here is the fundamental viewpoint of a retention-oriented marketer: 1. Earlier and Current customer conduct is the best analyst of Future customer conduct. imagine about it. Generally, it is more frequently right than not right, and when it comes to action oriented behavior like going for purchases and visiting web sites, the thinking truly shines all the way through. We are discussing about real conduct here, not implied conduct. For instance a 35 year old lady is not a conduct; it is a demographic trait. Acquire these two groups of prospective buyers who visit the Net: Individuals who are a perfect demographic match for your site, but have not at all purchased online anyplace. Folks who are outside the center demographics for your site, but have bought online often from various different web sites. Suppose if one sends a 20% o